Unicef Unesco And Education For All In Cambodia Education Essay

United Nations International Children ‘s Emergency Fund ( UNICEF ) was established on December 11, 1946. He was created in the intent to assist kids and adult females that faced up many jobs in life. He works with 190 states through state plan to get the better of the obstructions such as poorness, force, diseases, and favoritism which are affected to kids in day-to-day life. He does work really active in planetary administration in footings of supplying educational system, assisting kids from injury, force, and advancing information by utilizing engineering. Furthermore, he besides works with many people barely in order to protect kids from environmental jobs because he does non desire the kids suffer from those activities. However, he believes that kids are still threatened by those jobs because he can non vouch kids from being out those jobs. Meanwhile, he besides works really difficult to happen the schemes to forestall the spread of HIV/AIDS among immature people because h e wants to maintain them from injury and enable to protect them. However, non merely kids but besides adult females he besides promote misss ‘ instruction because he wants to promote misss have a really deep thought, better citizens in society every bit good as a good female parent for her ain kids. UNESCO ( United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ) was created on November 4, 1946. He was established in order to work out jobs that related to wellness, poorness, and instruction that provide installations throughout the universe. In a nut shell, he is responsible for advancing peace, societal justness, human rights, and international security through international cooperation on educational scientific discipline and cultural plans. He has 193 member provinces and 7 associate member provinces ; hence, we trust that we will success in footings of covering with those jobs that we work manus in manus together. More of import than this, we play a critical function in United Nations in footings of cut downing utmost poorness in developing states, extinguishing gender inequalities in primary and secondary instruction, advancing sustainable development and particularly he wants to accomplish the end by 2015. As a consequence, he besides has his ain intent for futur e that he will seek to advance instruction every bit much as possible, societal justness and planetary peace and cooperation. MDG ( Millennium Development Goal ) was adopted by UN Millennium Summit in September 2000. He was established for ASEAN as a whole in order to do all the states in ASEAN obtain the end by 2015 successfully which is ASEAN Community. Furthermore, today he non merely has the fiscal resources to stop utmost poorness but besides has technological cognition to forestall this job in order to avoid this job go on once more and once more. Therefore, MDG has put eight chief schemes for ASEAN states to follow in order to develop the state such as: 1/ Eliminate utmost hungriness and poorness 2/ Achieve cosmopolitan primary instruction 3/ Promote gender equality and empower adult females 4/ Reduce kid mortality 5/ Improve maternal wellness 6/ Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7/ Ensure environmental sustainability 8/ Develop a planetary partnership for development. Education was offered by the WATS ( pagoda ) in Cambodia that provided merely male population to larn, in the yesteryear. Female were prohibited. That ‘s why Cambodia remains a batch of uneducated misss that had no activities or action which involve in societal work after Pot Pot government. Furthermore, during that period, the figure of qualified people such as instructors, research workers, and technicians, physicians were died. More significantly, that government led to get rid of instruction, consistently destructing learning stuffs, and so on. Schools and universities were closed. Not for long clip, this government was collapsed. The new authorities came up and had responsibility to retrace the instruction system since these substructures were to a great extent destroyed and besides many educated people were killed. However, he was rather hard to retrace the instruction system because our authorities did non hold ability to put in all the stuffs instantly since we merely w oke up from war. Actually, he can did it unless taking for long times.MC # 2: Function of UNICEF, UNESCO, the MDG, and Education for All in CambodiaUNICEF plays a critical function in Cambodia in footings of assisting hapless people and uneducated people particularly people populating in urban or rural country. Beside this job, UNICEF besides provides gender equality in Cambodia. There is no favoritism in this society. Furthermore, all kids have an equal chance to have an instruction and they can anticipate what they will acquire for their future life. They have a really strong committedness for their future life. UNESCO plays an of import function in Cambodia in footings of sharing cognition. Knowledge can do or take people to hold a really bright hereafter because when people have knowledge, people can protect themselves from something go on around them. However, UNESOC besides has another intent that desiring to construe to Cambodia is peace and security by advancing coaction among the states through instruction, scientific discipline, and civilization in order to foster cosmopolitan regard for justness, for the regulation of jurisprudence, and for the human rights and cardinal freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the universe, without differentiation of race, sex, linguistic communication or faith. These are sensible that Cambodia demand because after woke up from war, Cambodia still non stay peace. MDG is one portion of organisation. He besides has map to develop since Cambodia remains a batch of poorness after war. In the existent state of affairs that MDG was practiced in Camb odia about how to extinguish poorness. Cambodia needs to set up a mechanism for periodic reappraisals of advancement made towards bettering policy coordination at all degrees. However, it ‘s rather hard for Cambodia to make so because Cambodia is considered as a developing state which has no adequate natural stuffs, fiscal, human resources and so on. Nonetheless, in order to accomplish MDGs, non merely Cambodia but besides other states need to develop appropriate roadmaps suited to local demands and conditions. Education for all is really of import for Cambodia. Education is the primary vehicle by which economically and socially marginalized grownups and kids can raise themselves out of poorness. Besides, instruction has a critical function in authorising adult females, safeguarding kids from exploitative the environment, and commanding population growing. Education is the great thing that Cambodia need because Cambodia needs human resources to develop state to go comfortable state.MC # 3: The advantages of UNICEF, UNESCO, the MDG, and Education for All in CambodiaUNICEF has a batch of advantages that UNICEF provides to the hapless states particularly Cambodia. UNICEF working with many organisations in order to cover with some issues such as poorness, force, disease, and favoritism in a kid ‘s way that many states is confronting. This organisation works really hard in order to get the better of those jobs. Notwithstanding, he tries to advance misss instruction for guaranting that miss s can finish primary instruction as a lower limit in order to protect themselves from force, foolish, and so no. Furthermore, he works to support the spread of HIV/AID among immature people because it is right to maintain them from injury. However, from my point of position, I can state that the activities that UNICEF act is really right for Cambodia because after Pol Pot government ( race murder ) , Cambodia remains many people who burden HIV/AID virus, orphaned, poorness, and uneducated people. Therefore, the manner that UNICEF performs provides a batch of advantages to Cambodia to extinguish those diseases and all issues that happened in Cambodia from the past until now. Nevertheless, UNICEF does non hold ability to assist Cambodia what he has met presents but he can assist Cambodia to cut down those issues at least from 0 % to 50 % . UNESCO is besides help hapless states to avoid those jobs, but he concentrates much on instruction since this organisation wants people all over the universe to go knowing individual that society need in order to divert from force, poorness, and so on. This organisation has his map similar to UNICEF. Hence, I can state that since this organisation takes topographic point in Cambodia, now there are many people understood much on instruction particularly in university and besides many adult females working in ministries and companies. Since I described briefly about rubric of the end MDG before, now I will state them more clearly. Of class, there are eight ends for accomplishing the MDG by 2015. However, he is really difficult to make so since some states can non pattern its. First, eradicate extreme poorness and hungriness which steps by utilizing poorness spread ratio, portion of poorest quintile in national ingestion, prevalence of scraggy kids under-five old ages of age, and proportion of own-account and lending household workers in entire employment to do certain that there is lower poorness or hungriness occur in the state. Second, achieve cosmopolitan primary instruction which will be guarantee that by 2015, kids everyplace, male childs and misss likewise, will be able to finish a full class of primary schooling for guaranting that miss can obtain knowledge every bit to work forces without favoritism. This is a really of import point that Cambodia needs. Third, promote gender equality and empower adult fema les which is the intent of eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary instruction, sooner by 2005, and in all degrees of instruction no subsequently than 2015 by sharing the adult females in pay employment in the non-agricultural sector. Fourth, cut down kid mortality is the mark to cut down by two tierces, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate to do certain that there is a low of infant mortality rate. Fifth, better maternal wellness by utilizing the maternal mortality ratio, and utilizing prophylactic prevalence rate. Sixth, combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases in order to do certain that those disease will be reduced by 2015 which utilizing the ratio of school attending of orphans to school attending o non-orphans aged 10-14 old ages. Seventh, guarantee environmental sustainability in the mark that integrate the rules of sustainable development into state policies and plans and change by reversal the loss of environmental resources. Eighth, develop a planetary partnership for development in the arm of developing farther an unfastened, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and fiscal system and turn to the particular demands of the least developed states. Education for all is utile for everyone without favoritism both male childs and misss in this universe. Learning is the most powerful tool because the more we know the better we get along in the universe. If we do non hold cognition, we are really hard to populate in this universe since this universe is traveling to seek modern engineering, Furthermore, we have knowledge, we are certainly to acquire a better occupation with a high paid.MC # 4: The impact of UNICEF, UNESCO, the MDG, and Education for All in CambodiaFor positive point of UNICEF, he starts his cooperation in Cambodia in 1952 as a portion of its planetary and Asia-wide regional plan to better kid wellness and wellbeing. UNICEF was helped Cambodia a batch in footings of instruction system, wellness attention service, so on and so away. He helps Cambodia in the intent of forcing Cambodia to go a strong state that full of human resources that would be helped Kampuchean citizens in the following hereafter since the state can develop or non develop based upon on human resources. Positive point of UNESCO, it is non much impact since it is non play in a major function in Cambodia. It merely shows us merely about the negative point. UNESCO provides disadvantages more than advantages. For illustration, in instance PREAH VIHEAR TEMPLE, harmonizing to the web site of one of the celebrated Thai English Newspaper called THE NATION REPORT which announce on Thursday 21, May 2009, said that the UNESCO is unjust because the occupation of UNESCO is to guarantee that this heritage is good conserved. Why UNESCO has to inquire for permission from Thailand if they are merely visit Cambodia? Is Thailand Cambodia ‘s parent? Actually, for this statement, it depicts really clear that UNESCO is unjust in footings of judging the universe heritage. MDG, really MDG play a really of import function in Cambodia in footings of assisting Cambodia to cut down poorness in the state chiefly. A few month ago, in Phnom Penh metropolis ( in forepart of BO TUM VATEY pagoda ) , many official authorities ran this plan for advancing by gather together many people include high school pupils, workers, motor cab, and so on came to speak in order to portion some information which relate to poorness to do certain that these sorts of people understand good what is poorness and where does it come from. Conversely, it is rather difficult to make so since our state deficiency of human resources. Education for All, Cambodia is increasing a batch of schools from the lower grade to the higher grade at everyplace in the state to do certain that all people can hold opportunity to derive cognition in order to better themselves to back up populating criterion. Besides, I think that it is non much influence to Cambodia because now many people are educated so they understand good before they decide to make anything. We can see that most of people are be givening to travel to school.MC # 5: Future position of UNICEF, UNESCO, the MDG, and Education for All in CambodiaUNICEF plays a really of import function in Cambodia in footings of supplying instruction, assisting kids from force, advancing on the utilizations of engineering. Besides, UNICEF works on five issues of kids such as instruction, safety of kids and growing, preparation of kids in their early age, mistreatment and maltreatment guard the kids from maltreatment, and HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, UNICEF works really difficult to happ en the schemes to forestall the spread of HIV/AIDS among immature people since he wants to keep kids from injury and enable them to protect others. In add-on, UNICEF is working with many organisations in order to cover with some issues such as poorness, force, diseases, and favoritism. He works much on developing state. Additionally, he is besides holding a position since he works really difficult for assisting hapless states. The policy model covers all those who are deemed excluded, consisting handicapped kids, working kids, street kids, those with disablements, those with larning troubles, the really hapless, those in geographically distant countries, those from lingual, cultural or cultural minorities, those with parents who have stigmatized occupations, those with HIV or whose parents have HIV, those displaced by struggle or natural catastrophe, but non accomplishing in school and those that drop out of school. Integrated schooling systems consisting of all denominations, are t o be considered, to further societal coherence and better apprehension among communities. UNESCO is besides play a really indispensable manner to assist Cambodia. It helps Cambodia in the intent of forcing Cambodia to go a good state that full of human resources that would be help Cambodia in the following hereafter. Besides, it might believe that state can develop based upon on human resource. Furthermore, UNESCO is besides help hapless states to avoid those jobs, but he concentrates much on instruction since this organisation wants people all over the universe have instruction to divert from force, poorness, and so on. However, UNESCO is still weak that can non happen the right thing to the victim since the victim demand for aid like Cambodia. This organisation has his map similar to UNICEF. Hence, I can state that since this organisation takes topographic point in Cambodia, now there are many people understood much on instruction particularly in rural country. Besides, people who live in countryside let their girls to travel to school. Of class, now it shows us really exactly that there are many adult females pupils who are analyzing in university and besides many adult females working in ministries and companies. The MDG is besides plays a major function in footings of assisting hapless provinces for covering with some issues that those states are confronting. Harmonizing to my point of position, I can reason that the MDG is really difficult to accomplish the end by 2015 since the status of MDG for hapless provinces are rather difficult for them to follow. For the existent illustration of Cambodia, Cambodia is really difficult to obtain those standards since Cambodia deficiency of natural stuffs, human resources, so on and so forth. However, I trust that by 2020, the MDG can derive these aims since the hapless provinces are traveling to modernization provinces. Finally, the Education for All, I believe that it will obtain its end since it provides tonss about instruction system to hapless states since the hapless provinces deficiency of scheme to learn to pupils and no criterion for Cambodia pupils as a whole.

Essay on Slavery Throughout Time Essay

One might describe money as being stored up labor; therefore to make money you must simply labor. This is how industries all around the world have made money, by paying workers to labor. However if you could have your workers labor for no pay then you yourself would essentially be making free money. The appeal of this free money is why slavery has been a predominant trend throughout history. It doesn’t matter what the labor is but, there are three main types of slavery that have been present in the world and those are labor slaves, war slaves, and trafficking slaves. I predict that slavery will continue to exist in the future because the appeal of free money it is too great, wars will bring with it war slaves, humans have a natural sex drive which means there will be a steady need for trafficking, and because there will continue to be people who believe they are above other humans. The greatest account of slavery for simply labor and free money without the presence of war is the African slave trade that existed in the early Americas. Europeans would sail to Africa and bring over boat loads of African people to the Caribbean and the colonies in North America, where they were forced to labor. They would be bought by people and then would usually end up Rydalch 2 working on a plantation. The plantations would have them do a variety of tasks. The slaves would be beaten and lived in horrible conditions, some would try and escape and others would not because of the fear they had of being caught. This type of slavery of enslaving innocent people and forcing them to labor rarely exists in today’s world. In most first world countries there are laws that prevent this from happening but there may be rare occasions in other parts of the world in which this happens. The reason that slavery such as this is so appealing is mainly because of the wealth that it can bring you. It can put you in a more prestigious class without actually having the intuition to get there. I also think that some of the slave masters enjoyed there power and took pride in the fact that there were people who feared them. I think that this version of slavery will continue to diminish in the future. Warfare as been a factor of human civilization since human civilizations began and it will continue to be a factor. War can result from a number of things and it can lead to a number of things. The winner of the war however can take their land and their people. When they take the people these people could possibly become slaves of war. Many ancient civilizations captured people to be used as slaves when they were at war, such as the Egyptians. The slaves were held in a variety of conditions depending on who enslaved them. As long as there is still war in the world then there will still be slaves of war, whether they are forced to labor, used as prostitutes or are just held hostage. In the future I believe that slaves of war will not be forced to do labor but will more likely be held as hostages or forced into prostitution. Rydalch 3 The more modern issue involving slavery is not that of labor slaves or slaves of war but it is slaves of human trafficking. Human trafficking is when people are held against their will and are usually forced to do sexual acts with those who pay to do so. The reason why human trafficking can be a successful business is because humans have a natural sex drive. Human trafficking taps into this natural longing and gives people a way to pay their way to satisfaction. The people who run the trafficking don’t have to pay the women who perform the acts. That is what separates human trafficking from prostitution. This is the most predominant type of slavery in the world today because of laws that have restricted other types of slavery. People all around the world abduct girls anywhere from teenagers to adults; they then sometimes addict them to drugs or other cruel things. Most often they are forced to do sexual acts with customers. The world is taking notice to this and some things are being done to try and stop it. Google recently made huge contributions and donations to try and prevent this from happening. I however think that human trafficking will continue on into the future. Although it may not grow it will always be there because humans will always have a natural sex drive, and people will always be looking for means of satisfaction. With the African slave trade that I mentioned earlier in my paper, they were taking innocent people and putting them to work. In today’s world we would find that to be extremely unjust, unlawful, and immoral. However back when the Europeans were doing it they did not think that what they were doing was bad. They thought of themselves as being superior to the rest of the world. They thought that since the African people were of dark skin and frankly not Rydalch 4 European that they were below them and therefore taking them as their slaves was no problem whatsoever. This reason for enslaving other people rarely, if ever, exist in today’s modern world. This is because all humans have accepted that we are all the same species and that we all of certain rights. I do not see this form of slavery rising to power again in the future unless one civilization takes over the whole world, which is extremely unlikely as you may know. Over the course of following my trend of slavery I discovered many things about the different forms of slavery and the motives behind each of them. By understanding these I was able to make my predictions about whether or not I thought they would continue in the future. Many of them are nearly non existent today which provides for easy predicting of its future, while others I was not sure on. I discovered that the ultimate reason for slavery along with many other things in the world is money. Slavery provides for a way to get free money and it is not that hard to do, especially before modern laws were put in place. Today all forms of slavery are frowned upon greatly and are deemed by most morally wrong and lawfully wrong. This is why there are things being done to stop it, but no matter how many laws you pass there will still be people who try to do it. Slavery will continue to exist in the future because the appeal of free money it is too great, wars will bring with it war slaves, humans have a natural sex drive which means there will be a steady need for trafficking, and because there will continue to be people who believe they are above other humans. The worlds view on slavery might change but for the near future I see it Rydalch 5 staying the same. The modern view on slavery is clearly for the majority that it is a bad thing. However in the future it could be that slavery is accepted, but only time will tell.

Charles Murray Essay Example for Free

Charles Murray Essay The New Right came from the work of the American Sociologist Charles Murray who viewed welfare payments has causing lone parenthood which in turn created an underclass. Charles Murray visited the UK in 1989 and said it has a developing underclass. Murray said: â€Å"the underclass are defined by their behaviour. Their homes are littered and unkempt. The men in the family are unable to hold down a job. Drunkenness is common. The children grew up ill-schooled and ill-behaved and contribute to a disproportionate share of juvenile delinquents† Murray saw underclass as behaviour a lifestyle choice, a disease which infects certain groups of people. ‘When I use the term ‘underclass’ I am indeed focusing on a certain type of poor person defined not by his condition, for example, long-term unemployment, but by his deplorable behaviour in response to that condition, for example, unwilling to take jobs that are available to him.’ This shows how members of the underclass define themselves as different by their own behaviour. Murray singles out three forms of behaviour that define underclass status: * Parenting behaviour * Criminal behaviour * Labour market behaviour Specifically, it is illegitimate births to young women, habitual crime and particularly violent crime, and the refusal of young working class men to enter employment that determines the existence of an underclass. ‘If illegitimate births are the leading indicator of an underclass and violent crime a proxy measure of its development, the definitive proof that an underclass has arrived is that large numbers of young, healthy, low-income males choose not to take jobs. (The young idle rich are a separate problem).’ (Murray, 1990) Since, in his analysis, it is the poor themselves that are to blame for their poverty, because they either choose to act in a certain way, or are conditioned to do so by over-generous government welfare, the policy solutions that flow from this analysis are, not surprisingly, aimed at changing the behaviour of the poor. The alternative, improving the effectiveness of the welfare programmes, is not considered. Indeed for New Right theorists, the welf are state is a major part of the problem. What such theorists would seek is the dismantling of the welfare state, and a situation set up that would make it dysfunctional for individuals to act in deviant ways. David Marsland Sociologist David Marsland has adopted the new right approach and does not believe that poverty is as bad as others are making out. He claims that groups such as the Joseph Rowntree Foundation purposely confuse poverty with inequality and completely exaggerates the extent of poverty. He argues that there is only absolute poverty and that relative does not exist. Marsland is very critical about universal benefits and services such as health care, education and child benefits. He believes that people who are on low income are results of the state being too generous in their benefits and services rather than the individual’s inadequacy to work (Haralambos & Holborn, 2008). A quote from Marsland : â€Å"the expectation that society, the state, the government, â€Å"they†, will look after our problems tricks us into abdicating from self-reliance and social responsibly† (Marsland 1989). However, Marsland has been criticised by Bill Jordan who says that he is wrong to b lame the culture of dependency to universal welfare provision. He argues that selectively means testing benefits can trap people in a life of poverty. It often turns out that people are better off on benefits than they would be in work. It also can exclude the individual from the rest of society and make them feel ashamed and embarrassed that they receive benefits. Also, if education and health care are private then people with disability and unskilled workers may not be able to afford or find work. Jordan also claims that societies that rely upon means-tested benefits and private health care, tend to develop a large underclass, who have little chance of escaping from poverty; this is the case in countries such as America. Jordan states that poverty is a result of societies being too harsh. He argues that the only way to break the cycle of poverty is by universal benefits that are at a high enough standard so people can afford to work and get back up on their feet (Haralambos & Holborn, 2008). Despite this, the New Right approach has been influential across Western countries, and the Conservative party is in power in Britain today. Charles Murray. (2016, Mar 23). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Turn around a plant of an engineering company thats losing money Literature review

Turn around a plant of an engineering company thats losing money - Literature review Example The engineering plant in Plymouth is currently losing out money which has been accounted to major areas of difficulty that have been identified in the operation of the engineering plant in Plymouth. The company manufactures chemical pumps for use in pumping a wide range of fluids like the oils, industrial fluids, chemicals, petrol, diesel, etc. The chemical pumps manufactured by the engineering plant of the company in Plymouth have been of poorer quality and a large number of pumps are being sent back by the customers for repairing. This has been eating up productivity time for the engineering plant in Plymouth and the company has been engaging into repetitive work that involved wastage of time and money required for scaling up the production levels. The relationship with the suppliers is also an area of problem (Kozami 46). The suppliers of the Plymouth engineering unit are frequently late in delivering the components and parts of the chemical pump. There have been increasing reluct ance of the suppliers in dealing with the company and supplying the parts required to assemble, manufacture and repair the chemical pumps. The third area of problem increases with the dissatisfaction of the customer as they tend to move away due to the extended time required for repairing of the products and the lower quality of products. The machineries and equipments used in the plant have become old and are subject to frequent breakdown. The replacement parts for repairing the machineries have also become difficult to obtain. Although the workforce of the Plymouth plant is skilled, their morale have been down due to the risk of closure of the plant and few workers fear that the management trainee has been sent to the plant for hastening the process of shut down (Bechet 78). All these are major problems that have been identified for the engineering plant in Plymouth. Review of literature: ways to handle problems in short term and long term A review of the literature provides the w ays to handle problems in the engineering plant in the short term and long term considering the situational problems due to which the company has been facing major difficulties in its operation with the internal and external stakeholders. The literature review suggests that every engineering plant faces the challenge of maintaining its equipments and machineries with time as they grow older. The engineering plants have also struggled to maintain the quality of its product due to several challenges of finance, relationships with the suppliers, etc. The ability to manufacture high quality products on a sustainable basis, provide repairing services to the customers, maintaining strong relationships with the customers and keeping high morale of the workforce of the engineering plants have determined the success level of the engineering plants (Sekhar 56). The engineering firms have adopted effective ways to ensure that they are able to handle the problems in their manufacturing units in the short term without moving to a position where they could easily run out of funds. In cases where the companies have faced situations in which the workforce have been down in morale, the managers of the engineering plants have held meetings with the workforce where it has explained that there is

Ommunicating sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ommunicating sexuality - Essay Example Until 1985, the definition of heterosexuality inferred that to be a heterosexual was natural. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary of 1970 defined heterosexual as â€Å"pertaining to or characterized by the normal relations of the sexes† (Sullivan 2003, p. 119). In its 1985 publication, The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defined the term heterosexual as involving and relating to â€Å"or characterized by a sexual propensity for the opposite sex† (Sullivan, p. 119). All indications are that the roots of prejudice against bisexuals and homosexuals are tied to the presumption that heterosexuality by definition is normal. By implication, the definition of heterosexuality means that any sexual identity that is not heterosexual in nature is decidedly abnormal. Despite this modification of the definition of heterosexuality, Western society for the most part continues to adhere to the belief that heterosexuality is the â€Å"norm† with the result that â€Å"homosexual relations are stigmatized† (Caplan 1987, p. 2). Caplan explains: Nonconformity to the norms of heterosexuality threatens the dominant ideology’s view of sex as ‘innate’ and ‘natural’ (Caplan 1987, p. 2). Therefore both historically and culturally, we live in and are exposed to a heterosexually driven world which forms the basis of the popular understanding of human sexuality. ... ern society for the most part continues to adhere to the belief that heterosexuality is the â€Å"norm† with the result that â€Å"homosexual relations are stigmatized† (Caplan 1987, p. 2). Caplan explains: Nonconformity to the norms of heterosexuality threatens the dominant ideology’s view of sex as ‘innate’ and ‘natural’ (Caplan 1987, p. 2). Therefore both historically and culturally, we live in and are exposed to a heterosexually driven world which forms the basis of the popular understanding of human sexuality. Essentially, that understanding for the most part is that heterosexuality is the ideal sexual identity. The construction of this normative heterosexual world was tested by Kitzinger (2006, p. 169) who analysed a series of conversations harvested by conversation analysts over approximately twenty years. The result was that co-conversationalists took for granted that the world was predominantly heterosexual. Regardless of their own sexual preferences or sexual identity, the co-conversationalists reflected and reproduced â€Å"a profoundly heterosexual social order† (Kitzinger 2006, p. 169). It would therefore appear that even homosexuals and bisexuals have resolved that heterosexuality is the norm. As a dominant norm, heterosexuality is â€Å"ageless† (Katz 2007, p. 8). In other words, historically, heterosexuality marked the underpinnings of sexual identity. Essentially, the male dominated institutions previously functioned to align heterosexuality with masculinity. This heterosexual masculinity is hegemonic and functioned to perpetuate an ideology which not only defines, but also sets standards for the sexuality of both young women and men (Holland, Ramazanoglu, Sharpe and Thompson 1998, p. 13). This historical and cultural background accounts for the

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

English - Essay Example Indeed, benefits to Britain’s economic vitality have been well documented. But the arts and cultural pursuits in Britain have long played a far more profound and spiritual role than pounds and pennies, one that inspires and replenishes the soul. â€Å"The arts broaden horizons, stimulate new thinking, provide pleasure and raise aspirations – they inspire and sustain the spirit. More people are enjoying the arts than ever before (76 percent in 2008-09)† (â€Å"Why the Arts Matter,† 2010). Nevertheless, a crippling economic downturn and Europe’s largest budget deficit have raised a stumbling block that may well prove insurmountable for the arts’ single greatest patron – the British government. Name 2 Background Cuts as high as 40 percent come as hard news for arts and cultural institutions nationwide, which have benefited from an unprecedented growth in government funding over the past decade. Between 2000 and 2010, there has been an inc rease of approximately ?200 million in arts funding. In London, many arts organizations receive as much as 50 percent of their funding from the government. The impact on the city’s cultural life could be massive. London’s venerable museums may have to charge admission, a move that could cut deeply into the tourism market (Faoila, 2010). MPs have expressed concern over the curtailment of artistic activities and events and have recommended a program that would reward regional philanthropy in an effort to mitigate the damage (Phillips, 2011). Britain boasts a grand, centuries-old cultural heritage: one need only stroll through Westminster, where lie Dickens, Chaucer, Tennyson and other luminaries, to appreciate the nation’s unique contribution to Western civilization. As such, the likelihood that Britain’s coalition government could drastically curtail, or discontinue, funding for Britain’s cultural institutions amounts to nothing less than a national crisis of identity. For a nation deep in the grips of a persistent recession, adopting the American model of private philanthropy may do irreparable damage to Britain’s vibrant arts community (Faiola, 2010). With no government-sponsored alternatives on the horizon, Britons is facing a permanent marginalization of the arts, not in the short term but over time, proceeding almost imperceptibly, gradually blotting out some of the brightest stars in Britain’s cultural firmament. Name 3 Shakespeare under siege One could as well imagine the pawning of the crown jewels as entertain the possibility that The Royal Shakespeare Company could fall victim to the balance sheet. But in a report to Parliament, the company warned of dire consequences should budget cuts proceed under the current plans, which make it clear that cuts on the scale proposed (25 – 40 percent) will have real and significant impact for the arts and for the audience who enjoy them. Most likely for us it will mean fewer productions, less touring, and a curtailment of the free events and educational activities which help us reach new audiences† (â€Å"Parliamentary business,† 2011). This holds dire regional repercussions, given the presence the company maintains throughout the country. More specifically, the New Vic Theater in North Staffordshire, which receives about 30 percent of its funding through the Arts Council, played host to 175,000 visitors in 2010. This is significant, since the theater earns about 60 percent of its income

Accommodation Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accommodation Theory - Essay Example Accommodation theory suggests that every person in a given society has the ability to change or adjust their speech depending on the nature of the conversation, or the other person they are addressing and the purpose of the interaction. The changing of the speech patterns is a summary of how the accommodation theory works. For example, when native people talk to foreigners, they tend to speak more slowly or when adults talk with children and babies, they use simple language (Griffin, 2008). When put into context, it means that people accommodate others by adjusting their communicational behavior to match the level of those they are with, in a conversation. The results of accommodation are ultimately either divergence or convergence. As their names suggest, a convergence result is where a person moves their speech to be closer to that the other person’s. On the other hand, a divergence result is when the speech move away from each other. Convergence result allows the reduction of the social distance between the two conversing parties. It allows a person who is of a higher class to tone down their speech so that they can communicate effectively with the lower class person. On the contrary, the divergence resul t increases the distance between people. The divergence result emphasizes the differences that exist between people. The accommodation theory has many existing and available means by which it may be applied. Currently the accommodation theory is applied to many communication processes. Gasiorek and Howard (2013, 15) opines that in a company or an organization that has different levels of employees, the accommodation theory can be applied to aid the communication between the management and the employees. For instance, it is used for horizontal communication amongst the employees and in vertical communication between employees and senior management. To test this theory, Giles came up with several theories that served to test why people change

Factors Influencing Consumer Behaviour from the Indian Firms Essay

Factors Influencing Consumer Behaviour from the Indian Firms Perspective - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that consumer behavior processes start  in the mind of the consumer when he/she tries to look for alternatives that suit  his/her needs, in addition to, to the consideration of other relative advantages of a product or service such as cost savings and superior quality. The process goes to the next stage that involves internal and external research concerning a product or service to be purchased. That notwithstanding, there is the post-purchase stage, which is critical since it is the one that determines whether or not the consumers were satisfied, and thus, largely influences their future behavior to consume or not to consume a product or service. Businesses tend to focus more on the post-purchase stage as it determines whether their products have been successful or not. Essentially, it is at this phase that the performance of a good or service is ascertained. In some instances, the people who make purchases are not the actual consumers o f the products; thus, advertisers need to understand the roles of users in order to efficiently place their advertisements in a formidable manner to attract consumers. India is a demographically vast country with a rich cultural diversity. The Hindu culture is, however, segmented based on the geographical dispersion of the nation. For instance, the cultural practices in Northern India are not similar to those in Southern or Western India. Culture is a complex term, which encompasses tradition, cultural beliefs, morals, as well as general knowledge of a particular society. It is the culture that identifies or distinguishes people from different backgrounds since they will have various thoughts and beliefs concerning contemporary issues.

Information Systems management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Information Systems management - Research Paper Example expenditure from 10 to 6 billion dollars and development time from 6 to 4 years (Tang &Zimmerman, 2009).Supply chain integration is basically the â€Å"approach of technically linking supply chain of vendors and customers† so as to make sure the â€Å"process is streamlined and to increase efficiency and accuracy.†(Pearlson & Saunders, 2010, p.152).However the final outcome was a complete opposite. As things stand now, apart from the project being in over budget of billions of dollars, it is also behind schedule by 3 years (Steve, 2013). Boeing’s Chief of Commercial Airplanes, Jim Albaugh, explains that they have spent so much more money than anticipated trying to recover than they ever would have used had they tried keeping major technologies nearer home (Steve, 2013). The main problem facing Boeing is shortfall in supplier oversight due to enthusiastic embrace of Integrated Supplier Information System, which allows suppliers to log in a portal, provided by Boeing, and thus need not necessarily meet with Boeing’s main team in US (Steve, 2013). Boeing further, rather than planning for face-to-face basis of communication, or on-site communication relied so much on their information systems with a web-based communications instrument known as Exostar that required suppliers to feed the latest information regarding their work progress (Steve, 2013). This IT equipment was to offer improved control, supply chain visibility as well as integration of important business processes, thus reducing development cost and time (Steve, 2013).Thus, instead of face-to-face kind of communication, the information technology tool was supposed to, in real time, flag problems. Not surprisingly, this technology miserably failed. As a result of this â€Å"remote con trol† outsourcing business, Boeing 787 encountered several Information systems problems that included electrical system faults in addition to battery issues that resulted to the Dreamliner’s grounding (Dominic, 2013). This

Counselling A reflective account designed a group warm up activity Assignment

Counselling A reflective account designed a group warm up activity balloon person - Assignment Example In this way psychologists can help them overcome their issues and guide in goal setting. The purpose of psychologist is not to think for the person, but first to make the person stable in personality and then make him decide for himself. What is group counseling? Group counseling is a form of psychotherapy in which more than two clients are dealt together by a counselor. Group counseling is effective and useful specially in treating people with same issues or problems. In such way clients in group are able to learn from other experiences and exchange ideas and advices. The other advantage of group therapy is that it is more cost effective and saves time of counselor and money of clients. (About.com, 2011) Group counseling is actually a way of counseling people with different therapies. In group counseling many other therapies are used. Such as psychodynamics, CBT and client centered therapy etc. Benefits of Group Counseling: It is useful in many psychological illnesses like OCD, depr ession, anxiety, substance abuse, panic attacks and personality disorders. In group therapy people usually feel easier in expressing their symptoms when other is expressing the same. Approaches to Group counseling: Group therapies fulfill and nourish variety of client’s need. In 1995 the Psychiatrist Irvin Yalom wrote the therapeutic qualities in group counseling. Those approaches are: 1. Instillation of hope: in group therapy the rate of hope in people becomes higher because when they interact and discuss issues together, they become positive that they aren’t only one suffering. And with this hope treatment of clients become effective. 2. Universality: usually when a person is going through it alone he feels like he is the only one suffering and that makes him feel even more terrible. But in group therapy when people with same issues gather and share their issues the feeling on individual suffering goes away and client learns that others are also having same issues an d they are not alone. 3. Communication of information: when a client comes to know that he isn’t the only one suffering he gets better understanding towards his own problem and then recover better in group. 4. Altruism: in group therapy people become altruist and part of a group and their recovery will be mutual. 5. Interpersonal learning: in group therapy a client learns from other people's issues and that he is not only one suffering but pain and suffering of the other persons can be more acute. (NFATTC , 2004) Common Therapies in Group Counseling: Psychologists use many theoretical approaches in group counseling. Three main of them are as following: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) – it focuses on the thought processes (cognition) and behavior of the person that leads to problem. And it aims to change the way those patterns of thought and behavior are creating problem for person. (NACBT, 2010) Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) – it focuses on other peoplesâ€℠¢ roles in personal life of the person and how such relation leads to a problem. People with whom one interacts in life can affect ones feelings and thoughts. And if the influence of people is not good then such interactions can lead to various psychological issues. (about.com, 2008) Psychodynamic Therapy (PDT) –Psychodynamic therapy is analytic nature of therapy; based on the concepts of Freud. In this therapy therapist keep his own personality and personal views away from client and acts as a black canvas over which client can transfer all his thoughts and deep

Cowgirl Chocolates Case Essay Example for Free

Cowgirl Chocolates Case Essay 1. Synopsis The case of Cowgirl Chocolates is about a small chocolate producer, Cowgirl Chocolates, and the businesses owner/artist Marilyn Lysohir dilemma with how and why her business venture wasn’t profitable. Marilyn expresses her love for making award winning hot and spicy chocolates. She also discusses her hold up on different products, their packaging, and her disliking of using distributors. Marilyn doesn’t know why she isn’t making a profit, and the problem isn’t with her chocolates, it’s her lack of trust for others and her impulsiveness on making the company more of an art than a chocolate company. 2. SWOT Analysis Strengths * Award-winning chocolates (p.66) * Variety of Chocolates, and other sweets (p.67) * Her and her husband Ross’ artistic ability (p.66) * Cowgirl Chocolates ad (p.66) Weaknesses * Distribution (p.72 p.77) * Packaging (p.71) * Cowgirl Chocolates outlets and vendors (p.73) * Lack of knowledge analyzing financial reports (p. 76) * Give-a-ways and a surplus in inventory (p. 75-76) Opportunities * Chile Pepper Magazine (p.66) * Holiday customer promotion deals (p 68 p.76) * Military PX stores (p.71) * Local favorite (p. 72) Threats * Seattle Chocolates * Customer demand * Cowgirl Chocolate Ad * Distributor and Packager’s fees (p.72-74) * Low sales in certain cities (Seattle and San Francisco) (p.73) 3. Overcoming weaknesses with strengths Page 77 exhibit 4 puts Cowgirl Chocolate’s financial problems on display. The company’s expenses were $31,423 for cost of sales, and an additional $53,447 for total expenses out weighs the company’s low revenue, which stood at $30,046 for the year 2000. Exhibit 5 on page 78 also illustrates that Cowgirl is negative $5,051.15 in net profit after taxes. I feel that an easy way to cut some company expenses would to not travel to as many trade shows. I understand Cowgirl is trying to spread the word about their trophy chocolates, but there are other means in publicizing and advertising that are cheaper. Cowgirl spent $5,786 for travel, which includes airfare, lodging, meals, and gas. They also spent an additional $6,423 on trade shows, which includes give-a-ways. I know that trade shows are very important and needed for candy companies, but having two artist collaborate on designing the chocolates along with two award-winning products should showcase the brands credibility. That being said, if you know you have something good and your not making money on it, stop spending on unneeded expenses.

Psychology and Teaching Assistant Essay Example for Free

Psychology and Teaching Assistant Essay 1.1 Describe the duties and responsibilities of own work role. The teaching assistant role includes working under the guidance of the teacher, supporting teaching and learning in the school nursery through group activities. I am able to devise learning activity plans also and also spontaneous learning activities which occur through play and other immediate learning activities. The learning assistant role also includes administration, wall displays, food preparation, leading activities with smaller and larger groups, and also individual work. Listening and talking with the children and offering support in social and emotional development as well as curriculum activity development. It is necessary to promote positive behaviours and deal with any negative behaviour in a professional manner. It is also necessary to promote equal opportunities, diversity and inclusion. It is necessary to build professional relationships with the children and also with other work colleagues. Assessment on a formative or summative basis is also part of the role. The teaching assistant role also includes effective safeguarding, and health and safety of the children and also the learning environment all contributes to a happy place, that is a safe and healthy place to learn within. 1.2 Explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards. There is a list of standards for school support staff depending on the role. The National Occupational Standards for Teaching Assistants offers guidance of competent performance. Some schools ask teaching assistants to complete the National Association of Professional Teaching Assistants. There are also local and national guidelines for codes of practice. 2.1 Explain the importance of reflective practice in continuously improving the quality of service provided. Reflective practice is actually reflective learning and then putting this learning into future practice. It is essential to reflect over activities and other things that have happened and work out if they worked out well, or did not work out well. Why? And what can be improved. It is a continual thinking process to strive for improvements. It is important to self-assess and assess situations by reflecting on them and then putting ideas/plans forward to progress from that event. It is good to  be able to discuss thoughts and ideas with colleagues to then identify areas of strengths and those that need further development. Reflective practice includes reflecting on own role when supporting children learning. It also includes managing children’s behaviour and planning and assessing and also feedback. Reflective practice also includes working with colleagues and other adults and professional development. 2.3 Describe how own values, belief systems and experiences may affect working practice. If the teaching assistant is a religious person, then there may be personal conflict with been expected to take part or support learners in other religions activities. If the teaching assistant has no religion, then it is likely to be easi er to support learning activities and personally be rather passive about the belief part of the religion, and just concentrate on the knowledge part of the religion. Own beliefs, and values and experiences shape the way a person is and so facing and taking part in activities about other beliefs, values and experiences can enhance learning and understanding depending on how flexible in thought and attitude the individual actually is. A person who is less flexible in thought and attitude may find that the taking part in activities of other beliefs, values and experiences can be a very challenging experience. 3.1 Evaluate own knowledge, performance and understanding against relevant standards. It is essential to reflect on learning activities that you have taken part in with the children and then compare with the national occupation of standards to see if you meet what is required. By working through and addressing areas of performance a person can begin to improve their practice. There are 69 units of the National Occupational Standards. These describe the skills and knowledge that teaching assistants need to do their job effectively. Teaching assistants and other support staff roles do not need to cover all 69, they just need to cover the ones which relate to their work environment. (see table attached regarding the relevant standards and my evaluation of own performance and understanding) 3.2 Explain how you would demonstrate use of feedback to evaluate own performance and inform development. Consider the feedback fully and then reflect on own performance to see if you can accommodate the feedback to make effective improvements to own performance to then be able to put this into further practice. Constructive feedback is best to work from and can aid professional development as well as additional training  opportunities. The assessment forms from tutor observed sessions in the workplace can highlight strengths and also areas that need some improvement. 4.1 Identify sources of support for planning and reviewing own development. Sources of support can come from other work colleagues, teaching assistants and teaching staff and also tutors if on further college courses. The planning and reviewing cycle is not unlike that of the planning and assessment cycle which a teaching assistant is part of in the working environment. There are also online materials and also books which can be used to aid learning in order to develop planning and reviewing abilities. The school system for employees would be to use formal and informal support and appraisal meetings with senior management. College staff for those on college courses can also be part of this support system. Inset/training days for staff are a way of gaining support for planning as information is pooled and new ideas and methods are put into operation. Da ta may be logged in a milestones format for reflection and further development. 4.2 Explain how you would demonstrate how to work with others to review and prioritise own learning needs, professional interests and development opportunities. The school appraisal system for employees is a way of assisting staff to consider their own professional performance on a frequent basis. This process needs to be a positive and non-threatening one to be at its most effective. A line manager may do this process for a general teaching assistant, whereas the schools SENCO is likely to do this for a teaching assistant with one to one supportive roles for a child or children with SEN. 4.3 Explain how you would demonstrate how to work with others to agree own personal development plan. A personal development plan is a plan to improve professional practice. The appraisal system and other formal and also informal feedback on a person’s professional development all contribute along with own reflective assessments of actual working experience. There will be opportunity for training in the working environment and also external training events which can be added into the personal development plan. The initial in employment training is the induction course for teaching assistants and also opportunities for other training to take place. These will cover areas such as behaviour management, SEN, and also supporting numeracy and literacy, and learning intervention schemes such as extra literacy and extra numeracy support training to be able to implement  these programmes effectively with children who need extra support. 5.1 Evaluate how learning activities have affected practice. Practice has been affected by learning activities with extended experience. Using the learning from these experiences it has helped to shape and develop abilities and new experiences have provided opportunity to try out and reflect upon. Observing and working with other colleagues have affected practice in offering ideas previously not thought of, to use and develop into own professional practice. All learning activities have provided opportunity for reflection and then personal development with copying and continuing good practice throughout. Just as the children learn from direct experience and from each other and build/scaffold on these experiences, teaching assistants also follow the same process. 5.2 Explain how reflective practice has led to improved ways of working. Reflective practice is the key to effective learning. Reflective learning is a powerful tool and can be gained from self-reflection and including feedback from others to reflect upon. It is personal assessment and this can be used to find out what went well and what needs working on. Work colleagues and training can also aid learning as we learn from each other. Observation of other more experienced staff such as other teaching assistants and the teachers can offer food for thought, and then the person can try out these newly observed methods observed to improve ways of working with learners across the school years. Reflection on good practice has led to personal development in this role by developing new ideas based on the good practice already experienced. 5.3 Show how to record progress in relation to personal development (see enclosed CV) It is a good idea to have an achievements file where all the qualifications and other awards and certificates are all placed into the file, in groups and date order. A detailed CV can also include the most essential qualifications as well as other personal information and employment and voluntary experienced logged in chronological order. I update my CV frequently and also adapt it per type of job role that I am applying for and update my achievements file and keep in in good order.

The Concept Of Rural Marketing In India Economics Essay

The Concept Of Rural Marketing In India Economics Essay The concept of Rural Marketing in Indian economy has always played an influential role in the lives of rural population of India. In India, except few metropolitan cities, almost all the districts and industrial townships are well connected with rural markets. Though rural marketing is a new concept and ideology in the arena of marketing, it has left a strong feeling among the people that without giving appropriate weight to rural areas and its development, it could never be possible to ensure the overall growth and well being of the country. Since past few years considerable developments are taking place to reconstruct the rural part of India. Many corporate houses have entered into the field of rural marketing to contribute in rural development of the country. Godrej, Birla, ITC, Reliance and many others has established rural retail hubs as a result of that economic status has been significantly improved. Farmers are getting access to market to sell their product as well as keeping themselves updated and informed regarding the going on trends of market. * Assist. Professor, Rajarshi School of Management Technology, U.P. College, Varanasi The rural market in India is not a separate entity in itself and it is highly influenced by the sociological and behavioral factors operating in the country. The rural population in India accounts for around 627 million, which is exactly 74.3 percent of the total population. The concept of rural marketing in India is often been found to form ambiguity in the minds of people who think rural marketing is all about agricultural marketing. However, rural marketing determines the carrying out of business activities bringing in the flow of goods from urban sectors to the rural regions of the country as well as the marketing of various products manufactured by the non-agricultural workers from rural to urban areas. To be precise, Rural Marketing in India Economy covers two broad sections, namely: Selling of agricultural items in the urban areas Selling of manufactured products in the rural regions Some of the important features or characteristics of Rural Marketing in India Economy are being listed below: With the initiation of various rural development programmes there have been an upsurge of employment opportunities for the rural poor. One of the biggest cause behind the steady growth of rural market is that it is not exploited and also yet to be explored. The rural market in India is vast and scattered and offers a plethora of opportunities in comparison to the urban sector. It covers the maximum population and regions and thereby, the maximum number of consumers. The social status of the rural regions is precarious as the income level and literacy is extremely low along with the range of traditional values and superstitious beliefs that have always been a major impediment in the progression of this sector. The steps taken by the Government of India to initiate proper irrigation, infrastructural developments, prevention of flood, grants for fertilizers, and various schemes to cut down the poverty line have improved the condition of the rural masses. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recently talked about his vision for rural India: My vision of rural India is of a modern agrarian, industrial and services economy co-existing side by side, where people can live in well-equipped villages and commute easily to work, be it on the farm or in the non-farm economy. There is much that modern science and technology can do to realise this vision. Rural incomes have to be increased. Rural infrastructure has to be improved. Rural health and education needs have to be met. Employment opportunities have to be created in rural areas. Go rural is the slogan of marketing gurus after analyzing the socio-economic changes in villages. The Rural population is nearly three times the urban, so that Rural consumers have become the prime target market for consumer durable and non-durable products, food, construction, electrical, electronics, automobiles, banks, insurance companies and other sectors besides hundred percent of agri-input products such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and farm machinery. The Indian rural market today accounts for only about Rs 8 billion of the total ad pie of Rs 120 billion, thus claiming 6.6 per cent of the total share. So clearly there seems to be a long way ahead. Although a lot is spoken about the immense potential of the unexplored rural market, advertisers and companies find it easier to vie for a share of the already divided urban pie. The success of a brand in the Indian rural market is as unpredictable as rain. It has always been difficult to gauge the rural market. Many brands, which should have been successful, have failed miserably. More often than not, people attribute rural market success to luck. Therefore, marketers need to understand the social dynamics and attitude variations within each village though nationally it follows a consistent pattern looking at the challenges and the opportunities which rural markets offer to the marketers it can be said that the future is very promising for those who can understand the dynamics of rural markets and exploit them to their best advantage. A radical change in attitudes of marketers towards the vibrant and burgeoning rural markets is called for, so they can successfully impress on the 230 million rural consumers spread over approximately six hundred thousand villages in rural India. What rural market buys? Rural India buys small packs, as they are perceived as value for money. There is brand stickiness, where a consumer buys a brand out of habit and not really by choice. Brands rarely fight for market share; they just have to be visible in the right place. Even expensive brands, such as Close-Up, Marie biscuits and Clinic shampoo are doing well because of deep distribution, many brands are doing well without much advertising support Ghadi, a big detergent brand in North India, is an example. Why Rural Market? The Indian rural market has a huge demand base and offers great opportunities to marketers. Two-thirds of Indian consumers live in rural areas and almost half of the national income is generated here. The reasons for heading into the rural areas are fairly clear. The urban consumer durable market for products like colour TVs, washing machines, refrigerators and air conditioners is growing annually at between 7 per cent and 10 per cent. The rural market is zooming ahead at around 25 per cent annually. The rural market is growing faster than urban India now, says Venugopal Dhoot, chairman of the Rs 989 -crore(Rs billion) Videocon Appliances. The urban market is a replacement and up gradation market today, adds Samsungs director, marketing, Ravinder Zutshi. Reasons for improvement of business in rural area *Socio-economic changes (lifestyle, habits and tastes, economic status) *Literacy level (25% before independence more than 65% in 2001) *Infrastructure facilities (roads, electricity, media) *Increase in income   *Increase in expectations MART, the specialist rural marketing and rural development consultancy has found that 53 per cent of FMCG sales lie in the rural areas, as do 59 per cent of consumer durable sales, said its head Pradeep Kashyap at the seminar. Of two million BSNL mobile connections, 50 per cent went to small towns and villages, of 20 million Rediffmail subscriptions, 60 per cent came from small towns, so did half the transactions on Rediffs shopping site. Special features of rural market Unlike urban markets, rural markets are difficult to predict and possess special characteristics. The featured population is predominantly illiterate, have low income, characterized by irregular income, lack of monthly income and flow of income fluctuating with the monsoon winds. Rural markets face the critical issues of Distribution, Understanding the rural consumer, Communication and Poor infrastructure. The marketer has to strengthen the distribution and pricing strategies. The rural consumer expects value for money and owing to has unsteady and meager status of weekly income; increasing the household income and improving distribution are the viable strategies that have to be adapted to tap the immense potential of the market. Media reach is a strong reason for the penetration of goods like cosmetics, mobile phones, etc., which are only used by the urban people. Increasing awareness and knowledge on different products and brands accelerate the demand. The rural audience are however critical of glamorous ads on TV, and depend on the opinion leaders who introduce the product by using it and recommending it. Opinion leaders play a key role in popularizing products and influence in rural market. Nowadays educated youth of rural also influences the rural consumers. Rural consumers are influenced by the life style they watch on television sets. Their less exposure to outside world makes them innocent and fascinated to novelties. The reach of mass television media, especially television has influenced the buying behaviour greatly. Creating brands for rural India Rural markets are delicately powerful. Certain adaptations are required to cater to the rural masses; they have unique expectation and warrant changes in all four parameters of product, price, promotion and distribution. A lot is already emphasized on adapting the product and price in terms of packaging, flavouring, etc and in sachets, priced to suit the economic status of the rural India in sizes like Rs.5 packs and Re.1 packs that are perceived to be of value for money. This is a typical penetration strategy, that promises to convert the first time customers to repeated customers. The promotion strategies and distribution strategies are of paramount importance. Ad makers have learnt to leverage the benefits of improved infrastructure and media reach. The television airs advertisements to lure rural masses, and they are sure it reaches the target audience, because majority of rural India possesses and is glued to TV sets! Distributing small and medium sized packets thro poor roads, over long distances, into deep pockets of rural India and getting the stockiest to trust the mobility is a Herculean task. Giving the confidence those advertisements will support. Sales force is being trained to win the confidence of opinion leaders. Opinion leaders play an important role in popularizing the brand. They sometimes play the role of entry barriers for new products. The method of promotion needs to be tailored to suit the expectations of the market. Techniques that have proved to be successful are Van campaigns, edutainment films, generating word of mouth publicity through opinion leaders, colourful wall paintings. The Wide reach of television has exposed the other wise conservative audience to westernization. Panchayat televisions in Tamilnadu carries message that are well received and contribute to community development. Dynamics of rural markets differ from other market types, and similarly rural marketing strategies are also significantly different from the marketing strategies aimed at an urban or industrial consumer. This, along with several other related issues, have been subject matter of intense discussions and debate in countries like India and China and focus of even international symposia organized in these countries.   Rural markets and rural marketing involve a number of strategies, which include: * Client and location specific promotion *Joint or cooperative promotion *Bundling of inputs *Partnership for sustainability Client and Location specific promotion involves a strategy designed to be suitable to the location and the client. Joint or co-operative promotion strategy involves participation between the marketing agencies and the client. Bundling of inputs denote a marketing strategy, in which several related items are sold to the target client, including arrangements of credit, after-sale service, and so on. Media, both traditional as well as the modern media, is used as a marketing strategy to attract rural customers. Partnership for sustainability involves laying and building a foundation for continuous and long lasting relationship. Innovative media can be used to reach the rural customers. Radio and television are the conventional media that are reaching the rural audience effectively. But horse cart, bullock cart and wall writing are the other media, which can carry the message effectively to the rural customers.   Rural marketing is an evolving concept, and as a part of any economy has untapped potential; marketers have realized the opportunity recently. Improvement in infrastructure and reach, promise a bright future for those intending to go rural. Rural consumers are keen on branded goods nowadays, so the market size for products and services seems to have burgeoned. The rural population has shown a trend of wanting to move into a state of gradual urbanization in terms of exposure, habits, lifestyles and lastly, consumption patterns of goods and services. There are dangers on concentrating more on the rural customers. Reducing the product features in order to lower prices is a dangerous game to play. Rural Market: Areas with high level of expectation The Indian growth story is now spreading itself to Indias hinterlands. Rural India, which accounts for more than 70 per cent of the countrys one billion population (according to the Census of India 2001), is not just witnessing an increase in its income but also in consumption and production. The Union Budget for 2009-10 hiked the allocation for the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) to US$ 8.03 billion, giving a boost to the rural economy. This is in addition to the ambitious Bharat Nirman Programme with an outlay of US$ 34.84 billion for improving rural infrastructure. According to a study on the impact of the slowdown on rural markets commissioned by RMAI and conducted by MART, the rural economy has not been impacted by the global economic slowdown, according to a study by the Rural Marketing Association of India (RMAI). The study found that the rural and small town economy which accounts for 60 per cent of Indias income has remained insulated from the economic slowdown. Moreover, rural incomes are on the rise driven largely due to continuous growth in agriculture for four consecutive years. Moreover, the rural consumer market, which grew 25 per cent in 2008 when demand in urban areas slowed due to the global recession, is expected to reach US$ 425 billion in 2010-11 with 720-790 million customers, according to a white paper prepared by CII-Technopak. That will be double the 2004-05 market size of US$ 220 billion. According to the study, while the durables market shrunk in urban India, the rural market is seeing a 15 per cent growth rate. Fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) sales are up 23 per cent and telecom is growing at 13 per cent. FMCG According to figures released by market researcher AC Nielsen, demand for personal care products grew faster in rural areas than urban areas during the period April-September 2009. Several FMCG companies such as Godrej Consumer Products, Dabur, Marico and Hindustan Unilever (HUL) have increased their hiring in rural India and small towns in order to establish a local connect and increase visibility. GlaxoSmithkline Consumer Healthcare (GSK) and Nestle and are now launching products specifically for rural markets. Anand Ramanathan, an analyst from KPMG, said, Till recently, most FMCG companies used to treat rural markets as adjuncts to their urban strongholds and rural consumers as a homogeneous mass without segmenting them into target markets and positioning brands appropriately. Retail The rural retail market is currently estimated at US$ 112 billion, or around 40 per cent of the US$ 280 billion Indian retail market, according to a study paper, The Rise of Rural India, by the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM). Major domestic retailers like AV Birla, ITC, Godrej, Reliance and many others have already set up farm linkages. Hariyali Kisan Bazaars (DCM) and Aadhars (Pantaloon-Godrej JV), Choupal Sagars (ITC), Kisan Sansars (Tata), Reliance Fresh, Project Shakti (Hindustan Unilever) and Naya Yug Bazaar are established rural retail hubs. Pharmaceuticals /Healthcare According to a report by McKinsey, the rural and tier-II pharmaceuticals market will account for almost half of the growth till 2015. The tier-II market will grow to 44 per cent by 2015, amounting to US$ 8.8 billion. The health ministry is setting up a mechanism to screen people in rural areas for lifestyle diseases such as diabetes. Union Health Minister Ghulam Nabi Azad said that in the case of diabetes, the government was working out a strategy to diagnose those in the age group 30-40 years in rural areas, for diseases. The multinational drug company, Sanofi-Aventis, has launched Prayas, a marketing initiative to market generics in rural areas and small towns. Through this initiative, the company looks to share medical knowledge with a body of practitioners and specialists in rural areas through workshops. Telecommunication A joint Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) and Ernst Young report reveals that of the next 250 million Indian wireless users, approximately 100 million (40 per cent) are likely to be from rural areas, and by 2012, rural users will account for over 60 per cent of the total telecom subscriber base in India. In a bid to acquire rural subscribers, most Indian telecom operators have started investing in infrastructure to roll out their services in these areas. Realising this as a huge potential, small Indian handset manufacturing companies, including Micromax, Intex Technologies and Karbonn, have lined up a marketing spend of around US$ 21.02 million for the financial year 2009-10. Infrastructure The World Bank has said that all-weather roads in villages in India have served to double the income of rural households, lift the literacy rate and increase land prices. Meanwhile, the Orissa government had decided to undertake an initiative to improve roadways in rural areas and upgrade 10,000 km of roads in rural areas. The decision was taken at a high level meeting chaired by Mr. Naveen Patnaik, Chief Minister of Orissa in December 2009. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) has sanctioned an amount of US$ 34.4 million to the government of West Bengal under the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) XV. NABARD has also sanctioned a US$ 26.29 million loan to Karnataka for the construction of infrastructure projects, such as secondary schools, rural godowns, jetties, minor irrigation structures, roads and bridges, in rural areas. Automobiles Mahindra and Mahindra Group (MM) arm, Mahindra First Choice, has announced that it is to set up sales and service outlets in rural areas with the target of setting up 100,000 vehicles by 2015, according to MM President Rajeev Dubey. Meanwhile, motorcycle manufacturer TVS Motor Co. Ltd has said that it is depending on a far-reaching penetration of the rural market and the launch of new brands to boost the companys growth in 2010. Services Sector According to a report based on the 63rd round of survey by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), 60 per cent of the services sector enterprises in the country are located in rural areas. Of the 16.5 million services sector enterprises in India in 2006-07, 85 per cent were own account enterprises (OAEs) while the remaining 15 per cent were establishments. Seventy six per cent of the workers employed in these enterprises were employed in the rural areas of the country. Road ahead According to international consultancy firm Celent, rural markets in India will grow to a potential of US$ 1.9 billion by 2015 from the current US$ 487 million. Rural markets are growing at double the pace of urban markets and for many product categories, rural markets account for well over 60 per cent of the national demand. The success of the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM), which has so far trained 100,000 rural youth, has led the rural development ministry to request an increase in budgetary allocation for the project. Rita Sharma, Secretary in the Rural Development Ministry, has said that they had sought US$ 2.29 billion from the Finance Ministry.

Hijacking Catastrophe: 9/11, Fear & the Selling of American Empire Essa

Directed and produced by Jeremy Earp and Sut Jhally, narrated by Julian Bond, "Hijacking Catastrophe: 9/11, Fear & the Selling of American Empire" is an unrated sixty-eight minute eye-opening documentary released in 2004 by The Media Education Foundation. The film sheds light on the relationship between 9/11 and the invasion of Iraq before the attack on the World Trade Center. Just like every other movie or documentary, this film carries a message; Hijacking Catastrophe provides concise analysis that persuades its audience to take a second look and interpret the connection. It is generally a perceptive documentary full of oppositions against the Bush administration featuring interviews with significant people full of compelling arguments. Hijacking Catastrophe takes its viewers on a journey of all fallacies the Bush administration and radical neoconservatives made to escalate the fear and persuade the American public to strike war on what they called "terror". This documentary contends to represent the political corruption caused by the Bush administration and the right-wing radical neoconservatives. For that reason, the film includes many strategies to help the audience's understanding of the suspected relationship. To begin with, the documentary starts up with the powerful quotation by Herman Goring, "The people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked and denounce the peacemakers for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger," This quote explicitly signifies that George W. Bush along with the neoconservatives lied to make the American public react in a certain way they have planned for their own concealed motives. In my opinion ma... ...a man determined to achieve absolute power over the cost of war tragedies. The film productively works through featuring interviews, displaying news footage and heartbreaking pictures of the after math of the war on Iraq. It specifically proves how the Bush administration provoked the media to convince the people of America to support "war on terror" by creating a non-existent fear. It offers interviews and documentaries that show the hidden motives of the Bush administration kept secret from the American public such as gradually expanding the country's power through extending the military expenditures and power to keep up global hegemony. Finally, if anyone pins the America vs. Iraq war on terrorism and have not seen this documentary they are to a certain extent mistaken hence, it is full of vital facts but with less irony, sarcasm and biases than Fahrenheit 9/11.

Deceptive Advertising Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Ads Essays

Deceptive Advertising As a consumer in a world of constant advertising messages being flashed before my eyes, I am always wary of the truth of those messages that I see. It is terrible when consumers see an advertisement, whether it is in a magazine, television or any other medium, and they decide to make a purchase only to find out they are not getting what they originally planned or have to pay more than they had expected. Deceptive advertisements have been a problem since the early days of media and consumers have needed to keep an eye out for them. Yet, with so many advertisements that consumers are exposed to each day, worrying about the truth of every line and every sentence of an ad is quite inconvenient. Advertisers must follow strict guidelines to stay clear of lawsuits resulting from deceptive advertisements. I will be focusing on automobile advertisements and how consumers have been deceived through their ads.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Deceptive advertising can be described as "advertising which is misleading in a material aspect.'; (Simon 256) This definition would include all the false and misleading advertisements that would appear in print, television, radio, outdoor and direct mailings. As well as more non-traditional forms of advertising like transportation ads along with the use of pictures, trade names, display materials, labels, sales talks, sales letters, price lists and catalogs. As any consumer can see, advertisers have many means by which they can "trick'; or deceive us consumers into buying products not planned for.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unlike most tort cases that are decided in the courtroom by a judge, most deceptive advertisement claims are turned over to governmental agencies like the Federal Trade Commission. Agencies like the FTC are better suited to handle these cases because they have the necessary expertise to make proper decisions. So before an ad can be deemed deceptive, a complaint must be made to the FTC. From then an investigation can be made into the falseness and deceptiveness of the advertisement. The FTC tests to see the reaction from other consumers as to how misleading the ad is. These tests are done in the atmosphere and under the same circumstances as the actual consumer would be in. The test is based on the casual reaction of the consumer and the impression that they received from the ad. This public view of the "ordinary and truste... ...at the consumers should have understood it. This settlement will help consumers feel more comfortable when they go through the leasing process. Hopefully, consumers won't have to worry about deceptive advertisements because advertising agencies and automobile companies will have to clearly state all the costs and conditions in a clear manner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One day I plan on purchasing a new car and it is very likely that I will lease it. This settlement between Grey Advertising and the Federal Trade Commission will put some ease to the consumer because they know that the advertisements should be truthful and they should contain all of the information necessary to make an informed decision. It will still be necessary for the consumer to read through ads completely and carefully, not relying solely on the large, bold copy of the ad. Print ads, especially automobile ads, try to be visually pleasing to the eye but there is a need for the "negative'; information to be displayed. As a general rule to the consumer, always be as informed as possible before making a purchasing decisions. Buyers beware. Works Cited Page FTC DRIVES TO END THE BLUR IN CAR LEASING ADS, (August 28, 1998)

Change Over Time: The years 1670-1729 Essay -- History, European Power

From 1670 to 1870, the political regimes of the Atlantic Basin underwent drastic changes that were ultimately detrimental to today’s society. The new ideas of the Enlightenment sparked cultural, political, and social revolutions all the way from the newly established colonies of the United States to the ancien regime of the country of France. But how did these governments change during this era? The answers lie in the beginning, middle, and end of the 1670s to 1870s. The years 1670-1729 mark the beginning of this era, where the start of change takes place. During this period, European powers ruled in various places, such as in the colonies of America and in Haiti. In the colonies of America, there â€Å"was no sign that North America might become a center of revolution† (Bentley, p. 784). Britain imposed their culture on the colonists. The colonists â€Å"regarded themselves as British subjects: they recognized British law, read English-language books, and often braved†¦ the North Atlantic Ocean to visit family and friends in England† (Bentley, p. 784), with trade fueling the colonies’ wealth and reliable protection from the British militia. In France, Louis XVI reigned, and things were mainly prosperous. However, Louis was an absolute monarch, and he created three estates. The first estate â€Å"consisted of about 100,000 Roman Catholic clergy† (Bentley, p. 787). The second â€Å"included some four hundred thou sand nobles† (Bentley, p. 787), and the third was the rest of the population-â€Å"about 24 million serfs, free peasants, and urban residents ranging from laborers, artisans, and shopkeepers to physicians, bankers, and attorneys† (787). Nevertheless, the French mainly prospered under Louis XVI’s reign. However, in Haiti, things were not as prosper... ... off to France, where he died of maltreatment. The generals who succeeded Toussaint â€Å"defeated the remaining troops and drove them out of the colony† (Bentley, p. 796). In 1803, they declared independence and later â€Å"proclaimed the establishment of Haiti, meaning â€Å"land of mountains†. In conclusion, the governments of the Atlantic Basin evolved significantly between the 1670s and 1870s. Governments were established that shaped the beginning of human and political rights for generations to come. Without the ideals and beliefs of the Enlightenment thinkers, the rapid transformation of the Atlantic Basin probably would have never happened and the world would have been anything but recognizable at this time. Thanks to the work of many revolutionary leaders and philosophes, the Atlantic Basin was able to become one of the most influential areas in world history to date.

Blood Station

My eyes slid open, I saw that I was completely frozen head to toe. I wasn't the only one here though, there were hundreds, thousands, even millions! The only thing I could do was move my eyes, everything else was frozen solid. That was strange because I felt water trickling down my body. My hair felt loose. Slowly I unfroze more and more, until eventually I could move more freely. I gazed around only to find that I was trapped in a rather small tube. There were tubes piercing into my arms draining blood. One of my kind, a human, was walking past so I tried to act frozen again but it wasn't working, I knew this because he started rummaging in his pocket. He pulled out a key which was bland and boxlike. He approached my tube, shivers blazed down my spine; he enclosed the key closer to my tube. By this point in time my body had been freed and I was able to move around. The door made a clicking noise as he put the key into it; I presumed that the door was unlocked, so I kicked as hard and as fast as I could. The door flew open and knocked him flat against another row of tube running parallel to mine. I hopped out to take his keys and hide him in my tube. I noticed that I was naked, so I stripped him to his underwear and dressed up in his security uniform, I tossed him in to my tube. The key for my tube was still in the keyhole of my door, so fully clothed I locked the door to conceal him in my tube. Now I was safe I looked around, it was a blood station. The guard in my tank was kicking and screaming now. I noticed a dial and a tin screen on my tube. I turned the dial; the screen now read â€Å"0 gallons of water/ice† so I kept turning until it read â€Å"100†. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 it went higher and higher, 60, 70, 80, 90, max. So I then I pushed the green button. Water flooded into the tank and filled it top to bottom and froze suddenly. The tubes that must have slipped out of me I saw winding through the tube and slipping into his arms like syringes. I looked around again luckily it was an old factory and my tube was right next to one of the fire exits. I walked casually out of the door, there were no guards, and it must have been the one I locked in my tube. It was a desert outside, literally. Mountains of sand were getting blown around by the soft breeze. The sandy mountains were surrounded by three scruffy looking houses, apart from that there was nothing, just a big outstretch of desert. I knocked on one of the doors belong to which was attached to one of the houses. A panel slid open to reveal a pair of eyes squinting at me. â€Å"Alright officer† he grumbled â€Å"password please?† â€Å"What password?† I queried â€Å"I don't know of any password† â€Å"Last chance bub† he grunted at me. â€Å"But I haven't been told about any password† I came out with sounding like a child that had been caught misbehaving. The door swung open faster than the door I has kicked earlier. A big man came into focus, he had torn uniform and a goatee beard, and he was extremely buff. He grabbed me by the scruff of my neck and dragged me back in to the old factory. I cringed as the guard walked past my tank. He glanced at it as he walked past but he didn't stop. He walked on a bit then doubled back to get a closer look. â€Å"John?† he mumbled to himself. He hit the drain button and the tube slowly started to drain again. Once it has he unlocked the door and swung it open. John spat out â€Å"him! He put me in here, he's a donor!† The other guard turned round and gave me a funny look and ripped john's clothes clean off of me. He took john out the tank, john started to get dressed. The buff guard threw me in and I smacked my face off the backing of the tube, the door slammed shut. I felt water rushing in; it was at my neck now. I took my last breath and it all went dark.

New Challenges for Africa and the Islamic World Essay

* Songhai flourished during the 1400s and 1500s, with an empire stretch 1500 miles east to west. (from Gao to the Niger River) a. Timbuktu* Timbuktu became a major warmness for trans-Saharan shell out. Large supplies of gold, ivory, and strivers were direct abroad. * Timbuktu was a major center of Islamic scholarship, in particular because of the Islamic University of Sankore. * genteel war all everyplace succession weakened the empire which was whence destroyed by Moroccan forces. B. different western United States African States* The small Sudanic commonwealths that form subsequently the fall of Songhai were parts of a closely linked commercial profit. * For example, the Dyula move goods by donkey and canoe, dominating the regional trade. * A a couple of(prenominal) non- Moslem renders, including those of the Guinea edge, had a matrilineal social structure. a. The Kanem-Bornu terra firma* The Islamic indexdom of Kanem-Bornu prospered from trans-Saharan trade a nd reached its height chthonian king Idrus Aloma. a. The Hausa and the Trans-Saharan distri savee* The Hausa had trade-oriented states in present-day(a) Chad, eastern Niger, and Nigeria where cotton plant cloth and leatherwork were fabricate for export. * Islam became dominant, but women continued to play critical social and political roles. b. dole out on the Guinea sailing* A few non- Moslem states, including those of the Guinea Coast and Volta River basin, had a matrilineal social structure, and prospered from mining and job in gold to the north. c. Europeans in westward Africa* Lusitanian encountered such large trading centers as the one at Guinala, (Guinea Bissau), where 12,000 men and women met every week to trade. C. Bantu Trading Cities and tycoondoms ( tocopherol)* Bantu settlers and Arab immigrants create the Swahili culture. * The Swahili city-states grew wealthy by trading in African goods to large number from almost the Indian Ocean. a. Trade on the Ea st African Coast* Swahili city-states were parts of the great trading network generally reignd by marine Arabs and Indian Muslims. d. The Shona and the Ganda* The Shona exported gold and ivory through the city of Sofala to the mediate East and India. * The Ganda people congenitalized the kingdom of Buganda west of Lake capital of Seychelles and Buganda dominated the region by the 1700s. e. The Kingdom of Kongo* In the Congo River basin, the Bantu kingdom of Kongo became one of the first base great African states to be visited by European explorers. * The kingdoms of Luba and genus Lunda resisted European power into the nineteenth century. f. The Xhosa and the Zulu* The Xhosa and Zulu were the of import Bantu-speaking groups to migrate into southerly Africa. D. Africa in the Hemispheric System* sub-Saharan Africans lacked interregional connections. * Sub-Saharan African was cut off from European and Asian trade. * Marginally fertile soils, scarcely exploitable minerals, and few good harbors impeded study in Sub-Saharan Africa. a. Africa the Unknown* West and East Africa supplied gold, ivory, and other commodities to the Middle East and Europe for centuries. * The remaining Amharic Christians in modern-day Ethiopia were surrounded by Muslims and fundamentally cut off from contact with Europe. g. The possibleness of Africa* Europeans set out to penetrate Darkest Africa with the bring down of the West, while also insureing for use up routes to Asian spices and silk. * Africans were shocked and dismayed upon first sighting Europeans. h. The Beginning of the African buckle down Trade* Europeans looked for hard workers after setting up in the Americas. * Slavery had a languish tradition in Africa, which involved Muslim traders. * Europeans already had enslaved their own peoples, though non with a racialized reason.II. EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM AND THE TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE betray * Racism developed from early exploitatory relationships forged by Portugue se and Dutch adventurers along the two coasts of Africa and in its southern reaches. A. The Portuguese and African Encounters* By the tardy 1400s the Portuguese had colonized the blanket Verde Islands and the close coastal region of Guinea-Bissau. * They also completed a long relationship of cooperation with the promiscuous Kongo kingdom of south central Africa and sent Catholic missionaries. a. Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco de Gama* In 1487 Bartholomeu Dias rounded the chimneypiece of Good Hope and the Indian Ocean. Vasco da Gama established relations with East African Swahili trading cities. * In India, European goods could non compete with more valuable and fine products from India, China, Indonesia, and Persia. Da Gama had finally located the ocean route to the east. * The Portuguese set up a network of trading bases around the Indian Ocean, and tried to limit the bodily function of their Arab, Ottoman, Iranian, and Indian rivals. i. The Portuguese and the Kongo* The Christ ian King Alfonso I, a Portuguese ally, controlled the Kongo and attempted to imitate Portugal by expansion and modernization. * Slavery change state Portuguese-Kongolese relations. j. Queen Nzinga and African Resistance* by and by Alfonsos death, the Portuguese conquered Kongo and Ndongo. Kongolese and Ndongo warriors were no look into for Portuguese armies. Queen Nzinga of Ndongo strongly resisted the Portuguese. * Kongolese Christian kings appealed to the Pope to halt the slave raids. The Kongolese kings assort with the Dutch to curb Portuguese influence. Kongo endured cultivated wars, which led to the capture of more slaves. * Portuguese forces occupied several major Swahili trading cities. They eventually controlled several trading ports from the Persian Gulf to China. They used brutal methods to come upon their ends. k. The Decline of Portuguese Influence* Portuguese influence waned on the East Coast of Africa by the 17th century after they destroyed much of the trade by dissuading merchants to venture to the cities they nominally controlled. * In the late 1600s, Arabs from Oman pushed the Portuguese out. E. New Challenges for the Shona States and Ethiopia (East) * The Portuguese controlled the write down Zambezi Valley in order to dominate the gold trade. * They also moved up the Zambezi River and ended up controlling the largest Shona state of Monomotopa. * They also settled coastal Mozambique and manifold culturally, lots through intermarriage. a. Ethiopian Civil War* The Portuguese forces assisted Ethiopians against their Muslim neighbors. * Jesuit missionaries converted Ethiopian king to Catholicism. * Attempts to change the Ethiopian Church did not succeed, and the missionaries and other Portuguese were expelled. F. South Africa and Dutch Colonization* Dutch settlers in Cape Town traded with the Khoikhoi, but so seized their land. They enslaved or killed all the Khoikhoi living near the Cape, then imposed white rule over Africans. * Slav es were imported from Madagascar, Mozambique, and Indonesia. * As the economy developed, Africans and Asians outnumbered whites. a. The Boers and trekking* rough Dutch settlers, or Boers, moved einsteinium to escape governmental control and look for new land to settle. * The Boers tried to take out over Xhosa and Zulu lands. G. The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade* Europeans enslaved Africans to come across their labor needs in the Americas on plantations and in mines. * Physical differences established racial basis of trans-Atlantic slavery. a. The Slave Trade Expands* West Africa was fragmented, which made it vulnerable to slave trading. The Europeans established trading forts from Senegal to Angola. * The Europeans traded cotton goods, guns, iron, rum, and tobacco for slaves. The Europeans often cooperated with local African chiefs to obtain slaves. * The have number of enslaved Africans is uncertain, but it probably come 25 to 30 million individuals. The trans-Atlantic slave tra de reached its peak between 1700 and 1800. l. Horrors of the Middle Passage* Slaves were branded, chained together, and packed into overcrowded slave ships. * Many slaves committed suicide sooner reaching the Americas, so slavers installed nets along the sides of slave ships to catch jumpers. There were also legion(predicate) attempted mutinies en route. * The majority of slaves were exchange to plantations without regard to personal ties. m. Rationalizing the Slave Trade* Europeans justified slavery by claiming that Africans were inherently inferior. * some westwarders argued that slavery benefited Africans by exposing them to horse opera culture, values, and religion. H. The Slave Trade and African Societies* Some coastal regions of West and Central Africa succumbed to inveterate raiding, kidnapping, and warfare. * Some societies were particularly destabilized when huge numbers were enslaved. * Outof these patterns of human enslavement emerged the Atlantic System. a. The Imp act of the Slave Trade on Africa* Some African societies prospered by selling neighboring peoples into slavery. The kings of Benin obtained firearms by trading cotton textiles, pepper, ivory, and beads, and prohibited the sale of male slaves. * States such as Dahomey prospered by cooperating with the slave traders. coastal regions from Senegambia down to Angola suffered the most (ex. family damage.) * The trans-Atlantic slave trade created economic imbalances that hindered the evolution of local industries, though African societies arguably benefited from the introduction of peanuts and corn. n. previous(predicate) Imperialism and Colonialism in Africa* Europeans practiced imperialism and colonialism in Africa. * The amaze for Africa intensified with industrialization in Europe. Western industrialization helped end the slave trade, but accelerated the need for African natural resources.