Are humans superior to animals on the basis of our sophisticated used Essay

Are humans superior to animals on the basis of our sophisticated used of language - Essay Example In other words, while humans use language for various purposes, animals use language for very few purposes. Some animals that are capable of using a language are elephants, fishes, frogs, and monkeys, and bees. Some of these animals produce sounds to communicate. While some communicate using infrasound, some produce ultrasound, and such communication goes beyond human recognition. Otherwise, these animals depend on sign language. However, a look into scholarly works proves that humans have far more superior use of language. To illustrate, according to Gardner, humans use language for four essential purposes as described in his work ‘Frames of mind: the theory of multiple intelligences’. The very first use of language, according to Gardner is to induce an action in other people (17). For example, parents use language to tell their children to go and study; an employer sends a memo to his subordinate to assign a particular duty. In both the cases, the language is used to induce an action. However, if this is the sole purpose of using a language, animals too are capable of effectively using a language. To illustrate, according a study by Savage-Rumbaugh, Rumbaugh and Boysen, a bonobo chimpanzee named Kazi was able to learn as many as 20 words and constructed some sentences (59). That means, primates are capable of learning words and constructing sentences. Thus, they can induce action in others. However, people like Noam Chomsky do not recognize this as effective use of language. According to Chomsky, humans are capable of flying up to 30 feet as they do in Olympics; but, this does not mean that humans are capable of flying as birds are (12). In simple words, to say humans are capable of flight, they should fly for a considerable period of time, a considerable distance, and that too, in various angles and directions. The same is true in the case of language too. Though the

Book Market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Book Market - Assignment Example Memo Introduction: Since the higher education market is clearly grouped we have to use stratified random sampling So that each strata (group) gets properly represented by the sample selected and give a more precise estimate of the entire population. In stratified random sampling the entire population is divided into strata and samples are picked from each strata. There can be three types of stratified random sampling Proportionate Disproportionate Optimal Proportionate stratified random sampling: the ratio of-the number of elements chosen from a particular stratum (n1) to the total number of elements in that particular stratum(N1) is equal to the ratio of -the number of elements chosen from all other strata to the total number of elements in those strata. n1/N1=n2/N2=---------nn/Nn Disproportionate stratified random sampling: the ratio of the number of elements chosen from a particular stratum (n1) to the total number of elements in that particular stratum (N1) is not equal to the ratio of the number of elements chosen from all other strata to the total number of elements in those strata. n1/N1 not equal to n2/N2 This is used when separate statistical analysis for particular strata are required.Suitable ratios are thereafter used to restore original proportions. Optimal stratified random sampling: due to cost concerns the researcher might want to achieve maximum accuracy that is minimum variance while keeping the costs minimum. This can be done when high degree of precision is not required but only a fair amount of idea can serve the purpose. Advantages and Disadvantages of the above three methods: Advantages Disadvantages Proportionate stratified random sampling The sample represents the true population... Disproportionate stratified random sampling: the ratio of the number of elements chosen from a particular stratum (n1) to the total number of elements in that particular stratum (N1) is not equal to the ratio of the number of elements chosen from all other strata to the total number of elements in those strata. Optimal stratified random sampling: due to cost concerns the researcher might want to achieve maximum accuracy that is minimum variance while keeping the costs minimum. This can be done when high degree of precision is not required but only a fair amount of idea can serve the purpose. Since in this case a fair enough estimate is required as the company is just entering the book market and lack of precision will not cause harm as it is not a quality check but only a overall market estimate, optimal stratified random sampling is recommended.